| Brooke Bond | PG Tips tea cards offered in the interest of education | Transport Through The Ages


	01 ELEPHANT Animal Muscle Power The domestication of the Indian elephant and its use in transport began at least 2,000 years ago, The elephant, with its great strength and agility, was an ideal choice, The use of the elepant spread west much later, where for a limited time It became a terrifying weapon of war in the armies of North African rulers, The picture shows a howdah on the elephant's back, during a ceremonial occasion, This gave rise to the familiar inn sign 'The Elephant and Castle'
	02 THE CAMEL Animal Muscle Power The camel is called the 'Ship of the Desert', and it is essential to desert dwellers in many parts of Africa and Asia, The camel's feet are specially adapted to walking on soils of the desert and it can go without food and water for long periods, Camel caravans can still he seen in North Africa, Arabia and Asia, although motorised transport is fast superseding them
	03 DOG SLEDGE Animal Muscle Power Eskimos inhabit the most inhospitable region of the world, the Arctic, In early times transport by land was only possible on foot, and through much of the year passage by boat was impossible, As there were no large beasts that could be harnessed, the Eskimos turned to man's oldest friend, the dog, and trained him to work in a team to pull a cart that would slide over the ice and frozen land, the sledge, This combination is still one of the most efficient ways oftravel1ing in these regions, The Husky has proved to be one of the finest breeds of dogs for this type of work
	04 OX WAGOM Animal Muscle Power In many parts of the world the slow but powerful oxen are still used. The ox, although not really stronger than the larger carthorses, has the advantage of being able to develop its power with less effort and impetus. It is therefore ideal for pulling great loads with ease, provided speed is not required. The covered wagon became famous in the 19.th century when it was used with horse or oxen, by the pioneers who settled in South Africa and the Amerian West. The picture shows the Voortrekkers of South Africa who began the 'Great Trek' in 1835.
	05 CHARIOT Animal Muscle Power The horse was first used as a pack animal and as a mount, but soon man learnt to harness the horse to drags and wheeled vehicles, including the chariot. Unlike the ox and elephant, the horse supplied spped as well as power. In fact, in the late 18th century when James Watt wished to define the unit of power of his steam engines in readily understandable terms, he accurately measured the amount of work a horse could do-hence the term 'horse power'. A fast, lightweight war chariot of the type used in Ancient Greece and Rome is shown in the picture.
	06 STAGE COACH Animal Muscle Power Horse drawn transport reached its zenith in the stage coach of 19th century Europe and North America. .At each 'stage' of the journey fresh horses would be harnessed to the coach so as to avoid the lessernng of speed that comes from tired horses. One of the most famous of the American stage coach lines, the Wells Fargo, is illustrated. Wells Fargo came into being at the time of the Great Californian Gold Rush in the 1850's. The stage coach remmained a dominent factor in transport until the railroads superseded it.
	07 HORSE trAM Animal Muscle power Trams, that is, wheeled vehicles running on rails laid in the roadway, developed, like the railways, from the transport used in mines. The first public tramway, from Wandsworth to Croydon, was. really a project for a railway, and was opened in 1803. It was horse drawn. Apart from this, the first street tramway in England was built in Birkenhead in 1860 by an American, G F Train. Although horse drawn trams were largely replaced by electric trams, some survived into the 20th century, including .the Isle of Man horse trams which are shown on the card.
	08 THE BICYCLE Man Muscle Power The 'Hobby Horse' of 1818 was the first bicycle. On this the rider simply pushed himself along with his feet on the gropund. In 1839 Kirkpatric Macmillan's bicycle came into use. It had pedals attached to the frame and connected to the back wheel with rods. The Penny Farthing is illustrated, and had, like most early cycles, its pedals fixed to the front wheel, which made going down hill a real hazard. The card also Shows the Coventry Rotary 'Sociable' a 4-wheeler. Cycling became much safer wIth the invention of the Safety Bicycle which had smaller wheels driven by a chain.
	09 KAYAK Man Muscle Power Many primitive craft in which the only power is that of man's own muscles remain in use to this day. The most advanced form of skin boat is the kayak used by the Eskimos of Greenland and North America. This has a frame of driftwood covered with tanned seal skins. It is also light enough for one man to carry. When the ice melts after the long winter the lone Eskimo hunter can use his fragile kayak with such skill that he is able to hunt seals and fish in some of the most dangerous waters of the world.
	10 GalLEY Man Muscle Power The birthplace ofthe galley, a ship propelled by oars, was in the Eastern Mediterranean. Ancient Greek sailors attained remarkable speeds in galleys. Thucydides recorded that 168 miles were covered in 24 hours, an average speed of 7 mph Xenophon mentions a speed of 9 mph being maintained. War galleys had a powerful ram at the bow for holing enemy ships. There was one man to each oar and the oars were arranged in banks-the trireme of the Greeks, shown in the picture, had three banks, 170 oars in all.
	11 HORSE BARGE Animal Muscle Power In Britain, the Duke of Bridgewater (1736-1803) pioneered the modern use of man-made canals. At first horses were used to pull the narrow barges. The dimensions of these boats were governed by the size of the locks of the early canals, and although only 7 ft. wide and 72 ft. long, with the very shallow draught of 3 ft. they had a capacity of 25 tons. The bargees, sometimes called 'Water Gypsies', lived with their families on the gaily painted barges, which had sleeping quarters at the stern. The advent of railways saw the decline of the canal system.
	12 EAST INDIANAN Wind Power/Sail The discovery of the use of the sail to utilise the propulsive force of the wind is lost in antiquity. The Red Sea galleys with their auxiliary square-rigged sails were probably the forerunners of the sailing ships. The pride of the 18th century mercantile fleets were the ships of the East India Company. These sturdy ships with large cargo carrying capacities of between 400 and 1,200 tons, carried Britain's trade from the East Indies for over 100 years. The card shows the East Indiaman 'Atlas'.
	13 TEA CLIPPER Wind Power/Sail The supreme achievement of sail power was realised in the famous tea clippers, which carried tea from China to Europe. The Cutty Sark was one of the last tea clippers. She was built and launched at Dumbarton on the Clyde on the 23rd November 1869, She was square-rigged and had 32,000 sq. ft. of sail which could drive her at over 17 knots, an equivalent of 3,000 horse power. The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest ships that ever sailed the seas under the power of sail alone. The Cutty Sark can be seen today preserved at Greenwich, in London.
	14 HOT AIR BalLOON Wind Power The first balloon, made by the French Montgolfier Brothers in 1783, was filled with hot air from a fire and, using the lift provided by the lightness of the warm air, it carried a sheep, a cockerel and a duck high over Versailles and flew for 8 minutes before the air inside cooled and the balloon gently returned to earth. The Montgolfiers also made the first manned balloon which carried its passengers over Paris on the atst November 1783. This was the first aerial voyage in history; it flew 5½ miles in 25 miniutes.
	15 GAS BalLOON Wind Power A Frenchman, Professor Charles, made the first balloon to use hydrogen which was flown on the 27th August 1783, Later that year he sent up another balloon which carried 2 men for 27 miles. The English Channel was crossed not long after by hydrogen balloon in 1785. In 1935 Explorer II, shown on the card, carried two Americans to a height of 137 miles, the highest achieved by man at that time. Since then ballons have achieved even higher altitudes and in 1958 during 'Operation Man High', two USAF. pilots reached the amazing height of 10O,000 ft., about 18 miles above the earth.
	16 STEAM COACH Steam Power The first steam powered vehicle was built by the French military engineer, Nicholas Cugnot, in 1769. This 3-wheeled steam machine ran for only 15 minutes and the project was abandoned, However, it was a start. Many attempts followed, including William Murdoch's steam carriage of 1786, which was successful, although only a model. In 1801 Richard Trevithick built a steam carriage which ran on the London roads, The picture shows Sir Goldsworthy Gurney's steam coach of 1830.
	17 STEAM WAGON Steam Power The steam lorry for carrying freight was very successful. Its low running costs enabled it to survive the arrival of the petrol driven lorry until 1920 when in England, at least, steam road lorries suffered by the introduction of new taxes based on the vehicle's unladen weight which put them at an economic disadvantage compared with the lighter petrol lorries. The famous Sentinel steam lorry could carry sufficient water to give it a range of 40-60 miles. The card shows a Clayton steam wagon of a type produced between 1910 and 1920.
	18 STEPHENSON'S ROCKET Steam Power The first successful locomotive was made by Richard Trevithick for the Pen-y-darran Colliery in 1804. The first passenger railway to use steam locomotives was the Stockton and Darlington Railway of 1825 for which Robert Stephenson built Locomotion, The card depicts another Stephenson locomotive, The Rocket, built for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which astonished the world with its speed at the Rainhill Trials in 18Z9, and started the boom in railway development, The Rocket later attained a speed of 36 mph
	19 MODERN STEAM LOCOMOTIVE Steam Power Steam powered locomotives developed rapidly after the success of Stephenson's Rocket. Pulling power increased and with power, speed. Before 1850 speeds of up to 70 mph had been achieved. The railway fever that swept England spread overseas and many countries began to develop their own railways: The world speed record for steam locomotives is 126 mph set by Mallard of the London and North Eastern Railway in 1938. The picture shows a very fine steam locomotive of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Class Tl.B. Selkirk, 2-10-4, No.5921.
	20 DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE Internal Combustion/Diesel Diesel and diesel-e1ectric locomotives are more economical than steam locomotives. Engine-driven generators produce an electric current to drive the motors which give traction to the wheels. Some of British Rail's diesel-electric locomotives can generate 3,300 horse power. The modernisation of the railways has included the improvement of carriages for the comfort of the passengers and in British Rail's new Pullman trains, shown on the card, luxury with speed has been achieved. One of these, on the run from Bristol to Paddington in 1965, took only 87 minutes for a journey of 118 miles
	21 THE COMET Steam Power The importance of a means of propulsion which is independent of wind and tide is obvious. Although several experiments in the use of steam power had been tried in both the Old and the New World, William Symington's Charlotte Dundas of 1802, which worked as a tug on the Forth and Clyde Canal, was the first practical steam powered vessel, followed shortly after by Robert Fulton's Clermont on the River Hudson In l507. The card shows the first commercial passenger steamer in Europe, Henry Bell's Comet of 1812.
	22 GAS TURBINE LOCOMOTIVE Internal Combustion/Gas Turbine In 1943 a revolutionary step was taken In locomotive engineering when the SWISS Federal Railways introduced a gas turbine locomotive. Gas turbine engines can give more horse power per foot oflocomotlve than any other types and they also have the advantage of low maintenance costs. The card shows a Union Pacific 61 from which was developed a mammoth locomotive, the 8,500 horse power, 420-ton locomotive of the Union Pacific Railroad in the U .S.A. which is one of the largest locomotives in the world.
	23 MISSISSIPPI RIVER STEAMER Steam Power The paddle wheel was the only successful means of propulsion for steamboats until the later 1830's, and it was the use of the paddle wheel which made possible the building of the American shallow-draught river steamers which became so famous in the Eastern States and on the Hudson and Mississippi rivers. These boats, with their huge paddle wheels, up to 25 ft. in diameter, played an important part in American history and in their own time became legend and are commemorated in the folk songs of the period. The Robert E Lee is shown on the card.
	24 THE GREAT EASTERN Sail-assisted Steam Power The Great Eastern was designed by I K Brunel and launched in 1858. She made her first Atlantic crossing in 1860 at an average speed of 14 knots. With a 32,000-ton displacement she was the largest vessel afloat from 1858 to 1888 when she was broken up for scrap. She was unique in that she was propelled by both paddle wheel and screw propeller, In addition to which she carried a spread of 6,500 sq. yards of sail on her 6 masts. Although not a great commercial success she did prove that large ships of iron could be built.
	25 TURBINIA Steam Power/Turbine The most dramatic revolution in the history of steam propulsion was the invention of the steam turbine which enabled steam power to be produced from far smaller engines. During the Spithead Naval Review of 1897, a steam turbine launch impressed everyone with her tremendous speed of 34 knots. This launch, the Turbinia, was made by Charles Parsons who invented the steam turbine. In 1906 the two great steam turbine liners, Mauretania which won the Atlantic Blue Riband, and the Lusitania, were launched.
	26 MODERN OCEAN LINER Steam Power/Turbine The modern liner is the queen of the seas. Her sleek outlines and sturdy build enable her to sail anywhere in the world, while her passengers enjoy the luxury of a floating hotel. 80 years ago a voyage would take months today the same voyage mar take only weeks or even days. The card depicts the 42,000 ton P & O-Orient Oriana which was launched in 1959. She can carry 2,180 passengers at a top speed of 32 knots.
	27 OIL TANKER Steam Power/Turbine Before the advent of the modem ship built specially to carry oil, any ship had to do and the oil was carried in individual barrels. The forerunner of the modern tanker was the Gluckauf, built in Newcastle in 1886 for the German American Petroleum Co. Today the large tankers of the modern fleets rival the largest liners for size and even larger tankers, of 100,000 tons and more, are being built to carry the fuel necessary for modern industry. The card depicts the 42,000-ton British Petroleum Tanker, 'British Prestige'.
	28 ELECtrIC trAM Electric Power The first elcctrically driven vehicle was built by Robert Davidson. His 7-ton electric locomotive was tried on the Edinburgh to Glasgow Railway in 1842. The first electric tramway system did not appear until 1879 when Dr. Werner Siemens's tramway opened at the Berlin exhibtion of that year. In 1888 the first practical wire system was introduced by the Union Passenger Railway Company of Richmond, Virginia, USA The picture shows a double decker electric tram used in Bradford until 1950.
	29 ELECtrIC LOCOMOTIVE Electric Power Electric power is clener than steam power and does not require the same runnming attendance. It.has obvious advantages for underground railways. Electricity on main lines has been in use on the Continent and In some parts of Britain for years. The modernisation of British Rail includes the electrification of the main line from London to Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. The picture shows British Rail's 25 KV AC. Electric Locomotive.
	30 MONORAIL Electric Power The monorail system can carry passengers at enormous speeds between short stops, in cars suspended high above the streets. Although many forms have been tried, including one driven by propellers which was tried in Glasgow in 1930, the most famous was built in 1901 in Wuppertal in Gennany. Its far-sighted inventor, the engineer, Eugene Langen, built it to last, and during its life it has carried over 850 million passengers.
	31 EARLY MOTOR CAR Internal Combustion/Petrol. The invention of the motor car was to transform modern society. The first use of the internal combustion engine was by Gottlieb Daimler in an experimental motor bicycle in 1885, which was followed by Carl Benz's 3-wheeled 'Dog Cart'. In 1896 Henry Ford built a tiny 2-Cylinder car in a shed in his back yard and just over a decade later the Model T Ford, the 'Tin Lizzie', was coming off the production line. The Model T (shown on the card) was the most popular car of all time. Over 15 million were built.
	32 BLUEBIRD Internal Combustion/Petrol The modern motor car with its smooth streamlined shape, automatic drive aDd comfortable seating is the product of years of scientific research and design. A great deal is learnt by the motor industry from the performances of racing cars and special speed trials like those undertaken by Donald Campbell in Bluebird (illustrated). On the 17th Jidy 1964 Campbell broke the world land speed record in Bluebird with a speed of 403 mph on the salt flats at Lake Eyre, South Australia.
	33 MOTOR CYCLE Internal Combustion/Petrol The first practical motor cycle was the Wolfmuller motor bicycle of 1894. This machine was capable of 24 mph From then on motor cycles became one of the most popular means of individual transport, being cheap and speedy. Many developments from the motor cycle have occurred, and today there is a whole family of motorised bicycles. There are many famous makes of motor cycles and the illustration shows a Matchless 500cc The fastest speed ever attained on a motor cycle was 224 mph, by Bill Johnson on a Triumph Bonneviile Special Streamliner at Bonneville Salt Flats,USA., on 5th September 1962
	34 SNOWCAT Internal Combustion/Diesel Captain Scott was the first to use motorised vehicles in the Antarctic and Sir Vivian Fuchs in his epic crossing of the Antarctic in 1955 used Sno-cats which showed good potential for the difficult Antarctic terrain. The Sno-cat is a tracked vehicle, powered by a Chrysler diesel engine which can give a speed of 15 mph, and can carry up to a ton, in addition to pulling a further load of 5 tons on sledges
	35 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS AEROPLANE Internal Combustion/Petrol On the morning of the 17th December 1903 Orville Wright made a flight of 12 seconds over a distance of 120 feet at Kill Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk in the United States. This was the first powered, sustained and controlled flight in a heavier-than-air aircraft. Wilbur Wright in the fourth and last flight of the morning flew for 59 seconds and for a distance of 852 feet, This remained the record for four more years but the aeroplane had arrived.
	36 AIRSIHP, Internal Combustion/Gas The step from the free Boating balloon to a controllable airship was made in 1852 with Henri Giffard's rigid cigar-shaped balloon. By 1914 the German Count Zeppelin was building colossal airships. The Graf Zeppelin (illustrated) flew non-stop from Germany to Japan and in 1919 it made a round-the-world flight. Between 1931 and 1937 it was used in a regular passenger service between Germany and Seath America. Altogether, the Graf Zeppelin carried 13,789 passengers and flew 1,200,00 miles without an accident.
	37 EARLY AIRLINER Internal Combustion/Petrol The Imperial Airways operated services to the Continent, the Middle East and India. From 1931 to the outbreak of war in 1939 the Handley Page HP 4.15 were used on these routes, and when introduced were the largest landplanes in regular service. The eight aircraft that made up the fleet had an aggregate of 10 million miles without a fatality. The HP 4.1 E Hannibal class (illustrated) had a cruising speed of 95-100 mph, and was powered by four 9 cylinder, aircooled Bristol Jupiter radial engmes.
	38 FLYING BOAT Internal Combustion/Petrol The Short S23 Empire flying boats of Imperial Airways (Class C is depicted) operated trnas-,Atlantic services before the 1939-45 War. For the first time in aircraft history they offered spacious accommodation which included room for 24 passengers, smoking room and a promenade deck, and could,carry, in addition, 11 tons of mail. The last service was run in 1947. They had a cruising speed of l65 mph, and were powered by four 9-cylinder aircooled Bristol Pegasus radial engines.
	39 SUPERMARINE SCHNEIDER trOPHY PLANE Internal Combustion/Petrol The Submarine S6B seaplane won the much coveted Schneider Trophy in 1931. R J Mitchell designed the S6Bs from which were developed the famous Vickers Supermarine Spitfires that played a major role in winning the Battle of Britain in the Second World War, The S6Bs were monoplanes and their powerful Rolls Royce engines gave them speeds of over 400 mph The card depicts the S6B which made the world airspeed record of 407½ mph in 1931.
	40 trANSPORT AIRCRAFT Internal Combustion/Gas Turbine The Short Skyvan is a new light utility transport plane with two Turbomeca turboprop engines. It carries a crew of one and can accommodate 18 passengers or 4,000 lbs. of freight. It cruises at 180 knots at 10,000 feet, and has a range of 500 miles when carrying a 3,000 lb. load. It can also be used as a military plane for carrying paratrops.
	41 HELICOPTER Internal Combustion/Gas Turbine Among the many designs of Leonardo da Vinci was one for a helicopter, but centuries were to elapse before a practical helicopter was built. Helicopters in use today stem from the Russian-born Igor Sikorsky who designed and built the first practical single rotor helicopter. Sikorsky helicopters are world famous but years of patient experiment had to pass before the revolutionary IG-300 successfully took to the air in 1940. The picture shows a Royal Air Force Westland Whirlwind HCC Mkl2 of The Queen's Flight, which has a gas turbine engine.'
	42 FLIGHT TURBOET AIRLINER Internal Combustion/Jet Propulsion The introduction ofjet propulsion enabled entirely new standards in flight to be realised faster, smoother and longer flights became possible. The De Havilland Comet 4 OH 106 was the first pure jet airliner to be used on the North Atlantic route, a service which it inaugurated on the 3rd October 1958 with BO.A.C. The picture shows the Comet4. The Comet. has a range of 3,200 miles and carries 79 passengers at a cruisin, speed of 480 mph at 28,500 ft. It is powered by four Rolls Royce RA 39 A von TurboJets.
	43 MODERN JET AIRLINER Internal Combustion/Jet Propulsion Swept-back wings and tail mounted engines help achieve greater speed and reduce noise in the passenger cabin. These features are found in the De Haviland 121 Trident. short-haul airliner, which made its maiden flight on the 9th January 1962. The Trident. has been designed to employ fully automatic landing equipment. It carries 101 passengers and has a cruising speed of 585 mph at 32,000 ft. It is powered by three Rolls Royce Spey engines.
	44 VARIABLE WING AIRCRAFT Internal Combustion/Jet Propulsion One way to achieve even faster speed is to alter the shape of the aircraft's wings after it has become airborne and the variable wing aircraft is the first step in this direction. This idea was conceived by Barnes Wallis, a British aircraft designer. The variable wing aircraft is conventionally shaped on take-off, but folds back its wings as it gains speed, until at very high speeds the wings are almost completely folded. The picture shows the American Convair F III A
	45 THE MESOSCAPHE Electric Power The possibility of using submarine cargo and passenger carriers is coming closer to being realised. To the knowledge gained from the use of nuclear submarines has been added the ideas of the late Dr, August Piccard, who gave us the Bathyscaphe with which man can explore the deepest ocean chasm. His son, Dr. Jacques Piccard, invented the Mesoscaphe which, launched in 1964, has already carried over 25,000 fare-paying passengers beneath the waves of Lake Geneva in Switzerland.
	46 HYHOFOIL Internal Combustion/ Diesel One of the great difficulties in ship propulsion is to overcome the resistance, the water exerts on the vessel's hull. A most successful way of avoiding drag, at least in small fast vessels, is to lift the hull out of the water when the ship is travelling at high speed. This has been done in the Hydrofoil, by placing lifting wings or foils under the hull near the bows, which at high speeds lift the craft's bows out of the water and enable it to plane along the surface. The picture shows the 'Vingtor' which operates between Bergen and Stavanger in Norway.
	47 HOVERCRAFT Internal Combustion The hovercraft, as its name implies, hovers over the surface, and does this by the downward draught of air that is generated by a propeller fan within the craft. The air so compressed is trapped under the vehicle by a curtain that surrounds the underside of the craft, and so lifts it off the ground or water surface. Forward motion is supplied by aero engines driving airscrews mounted on the outside. The world's first hovercraft, the SR.N1., invented by the British engineer, C S Cockerell, was operated in 1959. The card shows the Denny D-3 William Denny which can travel at 25 knots.
	48 NUCLEAR SHIP Nuclear Power The use of nuclear power, that is, using the energy of the atom to raise steam, is only just beginning but already great strides have been made, The first surface ship to be propelled by nuclear energy was the Russian icebreaker Lenin, built in 1959 with a horse power of 44,000, It is used to keep the Arctic sea lanes open during the winter. Like all icebreakers, the Lenin is specially designed to force its way through the pack ice; it has a reinforced steel hull and is extremely powerful, With nuclear energy, ships can stay at sea for much longer periods.
	49 NUCLEAR SUBMARINE Nuclear Power Nuclear submarines like the Royal Navy's Dreadnought (depicted) have heralded a new era in sea transport. Atomic energy enables these vessels to travel in the untroubled storm-free depths of the sea for months without refuelling. It was not until just before the 1914-18 war that the submarine was used in navies, but now nuclear powered military submarines have opened up the prospect of underwater cargo ships that could use the short sea route under the North Polar ice from the Atlantic seaboards to the Pacific.
	50 SPACE ROCKET Rocket Power On April 12th 1961 a Russian, Major Yuri Gagarin, was launched in the rocket spaceship Vostok I, and thus became the first man to go beyond the pull of earth's gravity into free orbit. The Americans, using a Mercury capsule on an Atlas booster rocket, put Colonel John H Glenn into orbit on the 20th February 1962. This space craft is shown on the card. Since then other astronauts have orbited the earth, have walked in space free of the earth's gravity, while unmanned rockets have crashed on the moon or have travelled far beyond into space
Illustrated by Richard Ward Described by Arthur G bourne	*Source material provided by Wudge*

"anchor chains - aircraft engines - trains whistles"
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