| Brooke Bond | PG Tips Tea Cards of Queen Elizabeth I to Queen Elizabeth II | Queen Elizabeths


	01 Queen Elizabeth I: 1558- 1603 Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. A brave intelligent strong willed girl the intrigues of court life and lessons in Latin Greek French and Italian prepared her well for the throne. As Queen she firmly established the Church of England. Through refusing to marry a foreign prince or indeed anyone she ensured her own and her country's independence. Her popularity was immense: she presented herself to her people in gorgeous dresses her fine white skin covered in later years by thick make up. She spoke with charm wit and dignity lavishing praise. In a masculine age she was a most successful woman.
	02 Mary Queen of Scots: 1542-1587 The great granddaughter of Henry VII of England Mary was crowned Queen of Scots in 1543 after the early death of her father James V In 1558 she married the future Francis II of France. Soon widowed she returned to Scotland in 1560. In 1565 she married Lord Darnley and became entangled in the power struggles of the Scottish nobility. Darnley was murdered: Mary married Earl Bothwell the man accused of the crime. Eventually she fled to England. As a Roman Catholic with a claim to the English throne Mary was a threat. Elizabeth kept her imprisoned for 19 years finally signing the death warrant after Mary was convicted of plotting to kill her. Famed for her beauty she has remained a source of romantic legend.
	03 The Golden Hinde In 1577 Sir Francis Drake the great Elizabethan navigator headed an expedition to the Pacific. His ship the Pelican the largest of the five weighing 100 tons and carrying 18 guns and a crew of 80 was well equipped. It contained a forge food for 18 months and the luxury of fiddlers for entertainment. On reaching the Magellan Straits Drake renamed his ship the Golden Hinde which was the crest of his patron Christopher Hatton. After an amazing voyage of plunder and adventure during which the fleet became separated Drake returned triumphant in 1580 loaded with treasure the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe . Queen Elizabeth I knighted him on board the Golden Hinde and ordained that the ship be preserved at Deptford. Unfortunately it was allowed to decay and survived only until 1689.
	04 The Globe Theatre The Globe witnessed the golden years of English theatre showing not only Shakespeare's greatest plays but also works by Marlowe' and Ben Jonson. It was constructed in 1599 by London's foremost company the Lord Chamberlain's Men who had dismantled their theatre in Shoreditch and carried the beams across the frozen Thames to a new site at Bankside. The name was probably derived from its circular shape and its emblem showing Hercules supporting the globe. The Latin motto 'alL THE WORLD'S A STAGE' was inscribed above. Shakespeare was a leading actor part owner and principal playwright of the company. Although the building was closed by the Puritans in 1642 and later pulled down the works produced there have survived to enrich the world.
	05 James I: 1603- 1625 James I the son of Mary Queen of Scots succeeded Elizabeth I as monarch. He believed firmly that God appointed monarchs to rule with absolute power. He was unable to live up to this belief . He was very extravagant spending huge sums on food drink and entertainment. and in lifts for his favourites and family. He was forced to ask Parliament for money to rule his kingdom and conduct foreign affairs. They were unwilling to cooperate and he lacked Elizabeth's tactful persuasive approach. He was a nervous undignified man much liven to coarse behaviour and speech. He wore padded clothes for fear of assassins. Even his funeral was described as 'very confused and disorderly' .
	06 The Execution of Charles I: 30 January 1649 Charles I was found guilty by Parliament of making war on his own people. He was beheaded outside Whitehall Palace behaving with such dignity and courage that the legend of his martyrdom was assured. That morning he had put on two shirts not wanting to shiver and be thought afraid. After an emotional farewell to his children he walked calmly to his death. When the axe fell a great groan arose from the spectators and some rushed forward to dip handkerchiefs in his blood as tokens of remembrance. Thus died a brave king who had lost touch. with the political realities of his time .
	07 The Hattie of Marston Moor: 2 July 1644 Eight miles west of York an 18,000 strong Royalist army commanded by Prince Rupert fought a joint Parliamentarian Scottish army of 22,000 men under the Earl of Leven. Rupert's men were successful at first driving one wing of the Parliamentarian cavalry off the battlefield. Two of Parliament's greatest soldiers Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell together led a cavalry attack which finally destroyed the hard pressed Royalist soldiers who had been unable to follow up their initial success. Cromwell on the white horse in this picture had recruited and trained most of the victorious cavalry . 4000 Royalists were killed to 300 Parliamentarian and Scots. Charles I lost control of the North of England.
	08 Charles 11: 1649- 1685 In May 1660 Charles II was restored to the throne amidst great public rejoicing. He returned this affection by giving the country peace after 20 years of upheaval. Eleven years in exile had made him cautious and cunning a master of using deception for political advantage. These qualities helped him to defeat the attempt to exclude his Roman Catholic brother James from succeeding him as he had no children by his queen Catherine. A witty tolerant pleasure loving man he encouraged poetry paintings drama and music as well as the sciences. He was a fine horseman frequently riding his own winners at Newmarket. When he died his people were 'like ghosts their faces suffused with tears' .
	09 The Great Fire of London: 1666 The people of London had just recovered from the miseries of the Plague when the City suffered the greatest fire in its history. In September 1666 a fire started in the King's bakery Pudding Lane spreading rapidly through the wooden buildings of the time. Fanned by strong winds it raged for 3 days destroying most of the city including St. Paul's yet very few people died. Fortunately the fire did not extend far south across London Bridge and the Thames provided a natural barrier and escape route for the thousands of homeless fleeing from the blaze. Christopher Wren played an important part in rebuilding the City designing St. Paul's 51 churches and the Monument which commemorates the disaster .
	10 St. Paul's Cathedral St. Paul's was designed by Sir Christopher Wren to replace the old cathedral destroyed in the Great Fire. Constructed between 1675 and 1710 it was Wren's greatest achievement and one of the finest Renaissance cathedrals in Europe. It's magnificent dome rivaled Michelanaelo's of St. Peter's Rome and provided an imposing landmark of London's skyline rising above the picturesque spires. steeples and towers also designed by Wren. Many artists have captured this splendid view none more richly than Canaletto in his painting of the Lord Mayor's Day of 1747. Among the many illustrious people buried in St. Paul's are Nelson Wellington and Wren himself.
	11 James II: 1685-1688 James II was the younger brother of Charles 11. He was obstinate narrow minded and unimaginative. He admired the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV and was converted to Roman Catholicism in the 1670s. This led to the Exclusion Crisis of 1679-1681 an unsuccessful attempt to ban him from the throne. As King his attempt to advance the Catholic religion angered everyone including English Catholics who feared a back lash would endanger their estates. A revolt led by the Duke of Monmouth in 1685 failed. In 1688 a group of noblemen invited William of Orange his daughter's husband to come and manage affairs. James 11 fled to France.
	12. William III: 1689-1702 Invited by a group of noblemen to replace the disastrous James II William III ruled jointly with his wife Mary II until her death in 1694. Then a grim and lonely widower this reserved Dutchman was sole monarch. His life was dedicated primarily to the defence of Holland against Louis XIV's France and secondly to the management of England. A sickly man his will power and obstinacy carried him through military defeats and political difficulties. His public face was chilling silent humourless and rude winning respect but not love. In private he could be emotional: when Mary died he wept passionately and fainted from grief.
	13 Mary II: 1689-1694 She was the elder daughter of James II who cursed her for agreeing to rule jointly with his replacement William of Orange. Mary quietly supported her husband providing a focus of English loyalty for those who found a Dutch king of England hard to stomach. On first seeing him she had burst into tears so forbidding was his appearance but their marriage was emotionally and politically successful. In William's absences in Holland she skillfully handled affairs of state. When she died of smallpox William said he had never known one single fault in her .
	14 James II fleeing after the Battle of the Boyne In 1688 James II having failed to impose his pro Catholic policies fled from England. He was replaced by the Protestant William III. James encouraged by Louis XIV of France invaded Ireland. William retaliated leading an army of 36,000 men. They met on 1 July 1690 between Dublin and Belfast at the River Boyne. James outnumbered had fortified the South bank. William sent his Dutch Ouards across the river which was 4 feet deep and 60 yards wide. Under heavy fire they attacked James's centre. Meanwhile two outflanking forces one led personally by William put such pressure on James's army that it broke and fled losing 1500 men to William's 500. James escaped to France his hopes in ruins.
	15 Anne; 1703- 1714 The younger daughter of James II Anne became Queen on the death of William 111 her sister Mary II's husband. She was steadfast in her support of the Church of England ensuring that the crown would pass to protestant relations. Her happy marriage to George of Denmark was saddened by the early deaths of their six children. Not a clever woman she relied heavily on the advice of her friend Sarah the Duchess of Marlborough whose husband John won personal fame and national glory in the war against France. Tiring of the dominating Sarah and encouraged by their political opponents Anne eventually dismissed the Marlboroughs. She died a friendless widow the last of the Stuarts.
	16 The Battle of Blenheim: 13 August 1704 The English and French armies with their various allies faced each other near the River Danube. Both armies were over 50,000 strong. The French commanded by Marshal Tallard were strongly positioned in Blenheim and other villages. The English commander John Duke of Marlborough launched a ferocious attack on Blenheim. Panicking the French crammed all their reserves into the already crowded village. The muddle became worse when the village caught fire. The French soon surrendered. Elsewhere on the battlefield Marlborough's well coordinated cavalry and infantry attacks also defeated the disorganized French. Marlborough lost 13,000 men the French 20,000. This victory preserved the alliance against France.
	17 George I: 1714-1727 From 1698 George had been Elector or ruler of the small German state of Hanover . On Queen Anne's death his descent from James I and his protestant religion qualified him for the British throne. He continued to rule Hanover as well. He had divorced his wife in 1694. imprisoning her for 32 years for infidelity He quarrelled with his son the Prince of Wales whose ability to understand English had helped his father at Council . meetings. Unable even to bear his son interpreting for him George I left more and more business to his ministers particularly Robert Walpole. Thus in his reign cabinet government developed.
	18 Sir Robert Walpole: 1676- 1745 From 1722-1742 Robert Walpole was the most powerful politician in the country. He owed his position to the strength of his character and intellect and to the support of Queen Caroline the intelligent and influential wife of George II. So . dominating was his presence that power was said to ooze from him. Walpole was a brilliant organiser of people and made the slow machinery of 18th century government work. He was a short dumpy man of 20 stone who liked to appear as a country gentleman of simple tastes. He was though enormously wealthy with vast estates in Norfolk and a fine art collection. He is sometimes called 'the first Prime Minister' .
	19 George II: 1727- 1760 At the battle of Dettingen 27 June 1743 George II is seen here commanding his troops in battle the last occasion a British king did so. Dettingen was a muddle. Trapped between mountains and a river with the cavalry receiving a fearful battering from French artillery King George and his son the Duke of Cumberland . struggled to form a line of battle. The French however delayed their attack. The King's horse bolted but he struggled gallantly back on foot to lead his army in heavy fighting. Not for the first or last time the British infantry's stubbornness overcame the mistakes of their commanders and the resistance of the enemy.
	20 George III: 1760- 1820 George III succeeded his grandfather George II; his father Frederick Prince of Wales having died in 1751. He and his chosen Prime Minister Lord North were responsible and took the blame for the loss of the American colonies. By the mid-1780s his reputation was recovering. He became more skilful at politics and the nation appreciated his devotion to duty. The appalling behaviour of his son the Prince of Wales created much sympathy for him. George III suffered from porphyria a disease affecting mental . balance. He was in effect mad from 1812. The Prince of Wales ruled as 'Prince Regent'
	21 The Battle of Trafalgar 21st October 1805 One of the greatest sea battles in history was fought at Trafalgar off the South West coast of Spain between the British under Admiral Nelson and a combined French and Spanish Fleet under Villeneuve. Although Britain's fleet of 27 numbered 5 less than the enemy Nelson's brilliant leadership and unconventional tactic . combined with the superior seamanship and gunnery of his crew ensured the virtual annihilation of the enemy fleet without a British ship lost. Tragically Nelson was mortally wounded during the battle and England lost a truly great hero. Nelson's victory at Trafalgar ended forever Napoleon's plans to invade Britain and established British naval supremacy for more than 100 years
	22 The Duke of Wellington: 1769-1852 The Great Duke' was an unsuccessful schoolboy sent into the army by disappointed parents. Through hard work courage and influential friends he progressed rapidly. In India he learned the importance of supplies. As Army Commander during the Peninsular War . he began cautiously winning defensive victories collecting supplies and training his men. Once confident he attacked and drove the French back over the Pyrenees. In 1815 he defeated Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo. He twice became Prime Minister during the next 37 years but his direct manner and hatred of intrigue did not suit him to politics.
	23 The Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte assembled his army on the Franco Belgian border. He aimed to destroy Wellington's Anglo Dutch army and Blucher's Prussians before the rest of Europe could combine against him. On 18 June Bonaparte with 72,000 men attacked Wellington's 67,000 placed defensively behind a low ridge across the Brussels road. Massed French infantry wave after wave of splendid cavalry and even the famous Imperial Guard failed to break Wellington's line. The Prussians defeated on 16 June gallantly arrived to help during the afternoon and the French exhausted outnumbered and soundly beaten retreated leaving 25,000 casualties.
	24 George IV: 1820- 1830 He ruled as 'Prince Regent' from 1812 being crowned King on his mad father George III's death. By far the most capable of the Georges. he used his intelligence to hinder rather than help his ministers. Opposed to the granting of emancipation to Roman Catholics he resisted all arguments only giving in tearfully when civil war threatened in Ireland. He was deeply unpopular for his extravagant tastes and self indulgent habits at a time of great poverty and distress. His marriage to Princess Caroline of Brunswick was a disaster ending in a scandalous divorce case. The monarchy reached its lowest level of popularity during his reign.
	25 The Rainhill Trials: 1829 In 1829 a contest was held at Rainhill to find the best locomotive for the new Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Four steam engines: George and Robert Stephenson's Rocket Timothy Hackworth's Sons Poreil Braithwaite and Ericsson's Novelty and Timothy Burstall's Perseverance and one horse powered vehicle called Cycloped competed for the �500 prize. More than 10,000 people watched the event which was won by the Rocket reaching 32 mph The Liverpool and Manchester Railway officially opened in 1830 with the Rocket pulling the first train provided the world's first public service for both passengers and goods. Following its success railways expanded rapidly transforming the landscape and economic structure of Victorian Britain; reigning supreme until the advent of the motor car .
	26 Brighton Pavilion George Prince of Wales later to become King George IV had resided in Brighton since 1786 attracted there by its fashionable witty society. An artistic extravagant man he transformed his house into a Palladian villa and on becoming Regent in 1811 he commissioned the celebrated architect John Nash to create an Indian palace. This oriental fantasy with its exquisite pavilion roofs pinnacles and minarets was unique in Europe. The exotic Chinese interior decorations and furniture were equally magnificent. Twenty years after George's death the Pavilion was purchased by the people of Brighton and is now restored to its former brilliance.
	27 William IV: 1830- 1837 He became King on the death of his brother George IV. A sailor by training he proved an eccentric but popular monarch. The power of the Crown was considerably reduced during his reign and the influence of Parliament increased by the Reform Act of 1832. He was the last British monarch personally to dismiss a government. He lacked interest in and the dignity for public ceremonial and his blunt remarks often caused offence or amusement. He restored some of the popularity of the monarchy after the low point of George IV's reign.
	28 Queen Victoria: 1837-1901 She succeeded her uncle William IV in 1837 an inexperienced girl of 18. By 1901 she ruled a worldwide empire and her relations occupied the great thrones of Europe. During her reign the British monarchy became the entirely respectable and deeply cherished institution that it remains today. With her beloved husband Prince Albert she enjoyed a 20-year partnership in which domestic bliss was combined with stylish ceremonial and wise detailed advice to the government. After Albert's death in 1861 she made few public appearances until her Golden Jubilee of 1887.
	29 The Great exhibtion: 1851 The first international exhibtion of its kind was opened in Hyde Park in 1851 by Queen Victoria. The exhibtion initiated by Prince Albert proved a triumphant success with nearly 6 million visitors marvelling at the latest inventions and exotic foreign goods. The vast iron framed structure containing 300,000 panes of glass was romantically named the 'Crystal Palace.' Designed by Joseph Paxton it was erected in record time by assembling prefabricated units on site. This new technique contributed to the development of the modern skyscraper. The building was later dismantled and moved to Sydenham but was destroyed by fire in 1936.
	30 Florence Nightingale: 1820-1910 Named after her birthplace Florence Nightingale chose to devote her life to nursing despite the disapproval of her wealthy parents. After training abroad she left England in 1854 with 30 nurses to tend the wounded at Scutari Hospital in the Crimea. Her dedication and brilliant administration in reorganising the hospital system became legendary. Improvements in medical care sanitation and diet dramatically reduced the death rate and her personal devotion and nightly visits to comfort the soldiers earned her the affectionate name 'The Lady of the Lamp' . She returned home a popular heroine and established the first modern nursing school in 1860 with funds raised in her honour. In 1907 she was awarded the Order of Merit for her outstanding contribution to nursing.
	31 The 'Great Eastern' The Great Eastern was the wonder and failure of her age. Launched in 1858 she was the largest and most luxurious steamship in the world boasting 5 funnels 6 masts 2 paddle wheels and a screw propeller. As her name suggests her designer Brunel intended her for the long route east to Australia; but employed instead on the Atlantic crossing she proved unprofitable unable to fill her 4000 expensive berths. She was modified into a 'working' vessel and gained success by laying the first transatlantic telegraph cable in 1865 as this picture shows. Conceived ahead of her time the Great Eastern was a forerunner of the modern liner and prophetically like some who followed was to end her days as a showboat.
	32 The 'Cutty Sark' This beautiful 3-masted clipper weighing 963 tons with a fill area of 32,000 sq. ft. was built in 1869 for the China tea run. The name meaning 'short shirt' comes from a Burns' poem and the ship's figurehead is based on the witch 'Nannie' who wore the garment. Competition from steamships following the opening of the Suez Canal forced the Cutty Sark into the Australian wool trade where she proved the fastest ship 1885-1895. From 1936 she served as a training ship and in 1957 fully restored was moved to Greenwich the sole surviving clipper of the golden age of sail:
	33 Edward VII: 1901-1910 At the age of 60 he succeeded his mother Queen Victoria. Given a strict education he disappointed his formidable parents by learning little. He was not allowed to take part in affairs of state when Prince of Wales:He became the leader of late Victorian high society being a man of great charm and energy .As king he revived the splendid public ceremonial of the monarchy and made several successful foreign tours winning the affection of the French at a difficult time. His warmth and humanity greatly increased the popularity of the monarchy. .
	34 Captain L E G Oates: 1880-1912 Lawrence Oates an army officer seeking adventure was a member of naval Captain Robert Falcon Scott's ill fated South Pole expedition of 1910-1912. Having reached the Pole - a month later than Amundsen's Norwegians Scott's party struggled back against foul weather injuries and malnutrition. Their painful progress was recorded by Scott in the diary found by his body. Oates severely frostbitten walked out of the tent saying 'I am just going outside and may be sometime.' He never returned and Scott wrote 'We knew that poor Oates was walking to his death but though we tried to dissuade him we knew it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman. ' The last entry was on 29 March 1912: 'For god's sake look after our people.'
	35 Rolls Royce Acclaimed as the finest car developed since the advent of motoring the Rolls Royce Silver Ghost was produced in 1907 designed by Henry Royce it was manufactured for 18 years. Rolls a motor enthusiast of aristocratic birth who imported foreign cars and Royce a brilliant engineer created the company that has come to represent technical perfection producing 39 models including the Silver Shadow Wraith Corniche and Carmargue. It is a testament to the quality of the 90,000 cars produced that half are still on the road today well deserving the reputation of 'the best car in the world.'
	36 George V: 1910-1935 The early. death of his elder brother led George Duke of York to succeed his father Edward VII as king cutting short a much enjoyed naval career. During World War I George V's deep concern for soldiers and sailors won the respect of his subjects. He also changed the Royal Family's name to Windsor. After the war the many visits he and the Prince of Wales made to the country and Empire helped to strengthen the links between monarchy and people As other European monarcharys disappeared the British Royal Family became a symbol of continuity at the same time losing political influence.
	37 The First World War: 1914-1918 90,0000 British soldiers died three times as many as in World War II. Machine guns and quick firing rifles fired from trenches and supported by artillery destroyed waves of attacking foot soldiers. By 1915 the war was a stalemate along a line stretching from the Swiss border to the Channel coast. Despite thousands of volunteers by 1916 compulsory military service was necessary to fill the ranks. The war became a trial of Industrial strength with women taking factory jobs. In 1918 the German Army broke through but exhausted it was pushed back to defeat by the British French and Americans.
	38 Suffragettes The campaign to secure .'Votes for Women' was led by Emmeline Pankhurst founder of the 'Women's Social and Political Union' in 1903. The Suffragettes as they became known arranged mass meetings and protest marches and from 1906 they resorted increasingly to militant action enduring imprisonment and forcible feeding to attract attention to the women's cause. The movement was called off in 1914 at the outbreak of war during which many women demonstrated their equality by contributing to the war effort. In 1918 women over 30 were given the vote; and the following year Nancy Astor became the first woman MP. Voting equality with men was established in 1928 just before Mrs. Pankhurst's death.
	39 Sir Alexander Fleming 1881 - 1955 In 1928 Alexander Fleming Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital London achieved his ambition to find a substance which could destroy bacteria without harming body cells. His accidental discovery that a mould which had settled on a specimen dish killed germs was to prove one of the most valuable contributions to medical science. Fleming named his discovery 'penicillin' from the Latin word 'paintbrush' because of the mould's brush like composition but it took 12 years and the assistance of Howard Florey and Emst Chain to perfect this 'miracle' drug Penicillin the world's first antibiotic proved effective against a wide range of human diseases and has saved thousands of lives. In 1945 Fleming Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine.
	40 Edward VIII: Jan- Dec 1936 He was the eldest son of George V and as Prince of Wales a dazzling success. Courageous during World War 1 his sincere concern for the underprivileged successful tours and charm and good looks presented a new style of popular royalty. On becoming king he stated his impossible desire to marry Wallis Simpson a twice divorced American. The King as 'Defender of the Faith' could not marry a divorcee. He chose personal happiness rather than royal duty and abdicated in favour of his brother George VI. He married Wallis and they were granted the titles Duke and Duchess of Windsor. He died in 1972 and was buried at Frogmore near Windsor .
	41 George VI and Queen Elizabeth: 1936-1952 Albert Duke of York married Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon in 1923. Until 1936 they lived a quiet family life with two daughters the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret Rose. The Abdication of Edward VIII thrust the quiet modest Duke of York onto the throne. Throughout World War II with total dedication they gave hope and reassurance to a battered nation visiting factories and bombed cities. The King toured battle areas to encourage the forces Since his death the Queen Mother has continued to brighten public affairs with her charm humour and ability to make ordinary people feel important.
	42 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill: 1874-1965 Artist writer soldier politician Churchill was to emerge a great national leader and world statesman. He entered Parliament in 1900 after distinguishing himself as soldier and war correspondent in the Boer War . During his long political career spanning 55 years he held many government posts but he is best remembered for his resolute leadership as Prime Minister during the Second World War. His brilliant administration great oratory and unfailing optimism brought Britain from the brink of defeat to victory against Nazi Germany. He modestly claimed that 'it was the nation that had the lion's heart' and that he had the luck to be called upon to give the 'roar'. Honoured with a Knighthood in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for Literature. he was revered throughout the world.
	43 The Spitfire The Spitfire the most famous fighter plane of aviation history. played a critical part in the struggle for survival during the Second World War. Built by Supermarine and powered by a Rolls Royce Merlin engine the Spitfire came into service in 1938 Its virtues of excellent manoeuverability good climb and a tight turn at speed were decisive factors in the heroic fight against the invading aircraft of the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain in 1940. The Spitfires and Hurricanes of the Royal Air Force emerged victorious having shot down 1 244 German aircraft at the cost of 721 British. Continually developed and refined more than 20,000 Spitfires were produced. Finally retired from service in 1954 only a handful of these legendary aircraft survive.
	44 Queen Elizabeth 1952- She succeeded her father George VI. Her Silver Jubilee in 1977 was a tribute to her popularity. Supported by her husband Prince Philip she has adapted the monarchy to the modern age introducing more informality by walkabouts and TV appearances but without losing dignity. She has broadened the appeal of the Royal Family by encouraging its different members to share public duties. At leisure she is happiest in the country surrounded by horses and dogs. She has an international reputation as a horse breeding expert.
	45 The first ascent of Everest: 29 May 1953 The conquest of Mount Everest 29 028 feet by a British team was announced on the morning of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation 2 June 1953. This success was due to excellent detailed preparatory planning by Colonel John Hunt and his firm inspiring leadership on the mountain; to the strength fitness and skill of the two men who reached the summit the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay; and to the unselfish support of the other 12 team members and sherpas.
	46 Sir Francis Chichester: 1901- 1972 Chichester's adventurous spirit was demonstrated early in his life by his solo night to Australia in 1929 in a Gipsy Moth In 1960 he won the first solo transatlantic yacht race in Gipsy Moth III and in 1967 aged 65 became the first Englishman to sail single handed round the world. In Gipsy Moth IV he achieved the fastest circumnavigation in a small craft with one port of call taking 226 days to complete 29 630 miles He was knighted at Greenwich by Queen Elizabeth 11 with the sword used by Elizabeth I to knight Francis Drake the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe almost 400 years before.
	47 The Beatles The Beatles will almost certainly be remembered as the most successful pop group of all time. John Lennon Paul Mc Cartney George Harrison and Ringo Starr leapt to fame in the early sixties and became a legend in their own lifetime. Their style and personality captured world wide appeal and induced. Beatlemania ' wherever they appeared. Initially inspired by Rhythm and Blues and early rock the unique partnership of Lennon and Mc Cartney produced an impressive variety of songs ranging from haunting ballads like Yesterday to the revolutionary album Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The pressure of fame and growing outside interests led to the group's break up in 1971 and Lennon's murder in 1980 ended forever any possibility of a 'comeback
	48 Concorde The world's first supersonic airliner began service in January 1976 with the simultaneous nights of a British Concorde to Bahrain and a French Concorde to Rio de Janeiro. The ambitious technical development project started in 1961 with a British and French Government Agreement. Rolls Royce powered and spanning 83 feet Concorde carries up to 128 passengers at twice the speed of sound Mach 2 halving standard night times. The Concorde fleet has now safely carried more than 810,000 passengers. Built by British Aerospace and the French Aerospatiale Concorde is widely acclaimed as the most exciting and beautiful aircraft ever built.
	49 Trans globe Expedition: 1979-1982 This historic journey around the world from Pole to Pole passed through jungles deserts and mountains across oceans and the frozen polar wastes. It took seven years of planning and three years to accomplish. Driving snowmobiles over 11,000-foot Antarctic mountains with temperatures below minus 11,000 ft and land rovers across burning deserts in temperatures above 120°F Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charlie Burton became the first two people ever to stand upon both Poles having travelled across the surface of the earth. This picture shows their arrival at the North Pole on Easter Day 1982. Apart from the personal triumph the expedition under royal patronage was a great team effort by all the 24 members who provided vital air and sea support and carried out many scientific studies.
	50 The Prince b 1948 and Princess b 1961 of Wales Prince Charles is the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and the heir to the throne. After being the first royal prince to go away to school he took a degree at Cambridge University and trained in the services achieving the command of his own ship. He is a humorous cultured concerned prince dedicated to his people's service. On 29 July 1981 he married Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul's Cathedral- an occasion of fairy tale romance and nostalgjc pageantry. The Princess of Wales is loved for her natural friendliness and admired for her dignity under public scrutiny. Their first child Prince William Arthur Philip Louis born on 21 June 1982 is second in line to the throne. This picture shows the first public appearance of the Prince just 24 hours old.
Writers John Cooper - Moir Royse

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